La Dolce Vita (Federico Fellini, 1960)

Marcello Mastroianni in La Dolce Vita

Cast: Marcello Mastroianni, Anita Ekberg, Anouk Aimee, Yvonne Furneaux, Magali Noël, Alain Cuny, Annibale Ninchi, Walter Santesso, Valeria Ciangottini, Riccardo Garroni, Alain Dijon, Lex Barker, Jacques Sernas, Nadia Gray. Screenplay: Federico Fellini, Ennio Flaiano, Tullio Pinelli, Brunello Rondi. Cinematography: Otello Martelli. Production design: Piero Gherardi. Film editing: Leo Catozzo. Music: Nino Rota. 

La Dolce Vita was among the celebrated international films that challenged Hollywood's hegemony in 1960, including René Clément's Purple Noon, Jean-Luc Godard's Breathless, Michelangelo Antonioni's L'Avventura, Luchino Visconti's Rocco and His Brothers, and Yasujiro Ozu's Late Autumn. It established Federico Fellini as one of the world's most important filmmakers. I was very young when I first saw it, and it dazzled me with its nose-thumbing satire of a shallow, hedonistic culture. I remember being impressed particularly by the scene at the home of Steiner (Alain Cuny), the ill-fated intellectual whose life and ideas also made their mark on Marcello Rubini (Marcello Mastroianni), Fellini's protagonist, a journalist with ambitions to become a "serious" writer. What I missed at that time was that Steiner was as much a target of satire as the movie stars, aristocrats, and hucksters that swarm around Marcello's Rome. Steiner's soiree is as empty and sterile, as decadent in its own way as the scenes of boozing and party-hopping and religious mania. But at least there's an energy to those scenes that keeps the film alive. Even though Steiner's story is tragic, La Dolce Vita is a profoundly anti-intellectual movie. And of all the films I just named, despite its technical prowess, it seems to me the least impressive, the one most touched by the passage of time.  

Working Girls (Dorothy Arzner, 1931)

Judith Wood and Paul Lukas in Working Girls

Cast: Judith Wood, Dorothy Hall, Charles "Buddy" Rogers, Paul Lukas, Stuart Erwin, Frances Dee, Mary Forbes, Frances Moffett, Claire Dodd, Dorothy Stickney. Screenplay: Zoe Akins, based on a play by Vera Caspary and Winfred Lenihan. Cinematography: Harry Fishbeck. Film editing: Jane Loring. Music: Ralph Rainger.

Kinds of Kindness (Yorgos Lanthimos, 2024)

Margaret Qualley, Jesse Plemons, and Willem Dafoe in Kinds of Kindness

Cast: Emma Stone, Jesse Plemons, Willem Dafoe, Margaret Qualley, Joe Alwyn, Hong Chau, Mamadou Athie, Yorgos Stefanos, Hunter Schafer. Screenplay: Yorgos Lanthimos, Efthimis Filippou. Cinematography: Robbie Ryan. Production design: Anthony Gasparro. Film editing: Yorgos Mavropsaridis. Music: Jerskin Fendrix.  

The Bird With the Crystal Plumage (Dario Argento, 1970)

Cast: Tony Musante, Suzy Kendall, Enrico Maria Salerno, Eva Renzi, Umberto Raho, Renato Romano, Giuseppe Castellano, Mario Adorf, Pino Patti. Screenplay: Dario Argento, based on a novel by Fredric Brown. Cinematography: Vittorio Storaro. Production design: Dario Micheli, Film editing: Franco Fraticelli. Music: Ennio Morricone. 

The People vs. Larry Flynt (Milos Forman, 1996)

Woody Harrelson in The People vs. Larry Flynt

Cast: Woody Harrelson, Courtney Love, Edward Norton, Brett Harrelson, Donna Hanover, James Cromwell, Crispin Glover, Vincent Schiavelli, Miles Chapin, James Carville, Richard Paul, Larry Flynt. Screenplay: Scott Alexander, Larry Karaszewski. Cinematography: Philippe Rousselot. Production design: Patrizia von Brandenstein. Film editing: Christopher Tellefsen. Music: Thomas Newman. 

The People vs. Larry Flynt succeeds as a message movie, demonstrating that even the most obnoxious among us -- and Larry Flynt was certainly that -- deserves the protection of the First Amendment. Of course, the movie didn't have to do that for us; the Rehnquist Supreme Court did it, unanimously. (I have to wonder if today's court, with so many justices appointed by a president who railed against the news media as "fake" and referred to the press as enemies of the people, would do likewise.) Where the film falls down is in its efforts to be a biopic as well as a message movie. We get a glimpse of Flynt's backwoods Kentucky boyhood as a bootlegger who tries to keep his father from drinking up the profits, and we see how Flynt moved from strip club owner to magazine publisher, but none of this sheds enough light on how the flamboyantly defiant personality came together. Too much time is spent on Flynt's short-lived conversion to religion under the guidance of Jimmy Carter's sister, Ruth Stapleton (Donna Hanover), without tying it either to his past or to his emergence as a champion of free speech. But the portrayal of Flynt's relationship with Althea Leasure (entertainingly played by Courtney Love) does give us an insight into his mixture of rebellion and convention, as the two decidedly promiscuous people decide to get married. Nothing but love, it seems, can tame the beast. Certainly not the law. Woody Harrelson gets a chance to go over the top in the courtroom scenes, and he takes it wonderfully. Edward Norton is good, too, as Alan Isaacman, the Harvard-trained lawyer who has to put up with this yahoo. The People vs. Larry Flynt might have held together better if Flynt's story had been told from Isaacman's point of view instead of the somewhat glossy, somewhat reticent, somewhat too admiring account the screenplay gives us.  

Bell' Antonio (Mauro Bolognini, 1960)

Claudia Cardinale and Marcello Mastroianni in Bell' Antonio

Cast: Marcello Mastroianni, Claudia Cardinale, Pierre Brasseur, Rina Morelli, Tomas Milian, Fulvia Mammi, Patrizia Bini, Ugo Torrente. Screenplay: Pier Paolo Pasolini, Gino Visentini, based on a novel by Vialiano Brancati. Cinematography: Armando Nannuzzi. Production design: Carlo Egidi. Film editing: Nino Baragli. Music: Piero Piccioni. 

There's no surer target for satire than hypocrisy, particularly when it's rooted in antiquated social mores and religious bigotry. And for Italian filmmakers, there was no more frequent locus for satirizing hypocrisy than Sicily, which was regarded by Northern Italians much the way the American South is seen by the "coastal elites": set in its ways and in the grip of religious intolerance. Usually, Italian films set in Sicily and lampooning hypocrisy are raucous and farcical: Think of Pietro Germi's films Seduced and Abandoned (1964), about the hubbub that ensues when an unmarried woman is discovered to be pregnant, and Divorce, Italian Style (1961), in which Marcello Mastroianni's character comes up against the fact that divorce is illegal, so he plots to catch the wife he doesn't love in an affair and get rid of her by means of an "honor killing." Both films were preceded by Mauro Bolognini's Bell' Antonio, which is just as deeply satiric, but takes a more sober tone in dealing with its subject: a concept of masculinity reinforced by society and supported by the church. There's no better way to appreciate Mastroianni's skill as an actor than to watch Bolognini's film back to back with Divorce, Italian Style. Cocksure and preening in Germi's film, he's lovestruck and tormented in Bolognini's, in which he plays the handsome Antonio of the title, a man with a reputation as a lover of many women, who has slept around but turns impotent when he's with a woman he truly loves. Wedded to the woman of his dreams, Barbara (Claudia Cardinale), he's unable to consummate the marriage and for a while takes advantage of his wife's sexual ignorance. But she discovers that she's been missing something, and takes advantage of the situation to have the marriage annulled so she can marry a much richer man than Antonio. When word of his impotence gets out, not only Antonio but also his bragging, macho father, Alfio (Pierre Brasseur), are ruined in the eyes of the society in which they live. Bell' Antonio is often funny, but not in the broadly comic way of Germi's. Bolognini, and Pier Paolo Pasolini's screenplay, view Antonio's plight with sympathy, casting the blame on the reinforcement of machismo by society and church. 

Saladin the Victorious (Youssef Chahine, 1963)

Ahmad Mazhar in Saladin the Victorious

Cast: Ahmad Mazhar, Salah Zulfikar, Nadia Lutfi, Hamdy Gheith, Layla Fawzi, Ibrahim Ehmarah, Zaki Tolemat, Mahmoud Al Meleji, Umar El-Hariri, Ahmed Louxor. Screenplay: Youssef Chahine, Abderrahman Charkawi, Naguib Mahfouz, Youssef El Sebai, Mohamed Abdel Gawad. Cinematography: Wadid Sirry. Film editor: Rashida Abdel Salam. Music: Angelo Francesco Lavagnino. 

Youssef Chahine's Saladin the Victorious is not quite like any other historical epic about the Crusades that you've seen, and not just because it looks at its subject from the "other side" of the usual Hollywood versions. Oh, it has the usual cast-of-thousands battle scenes, the romantic subplot, the hissable villains,  the stirring soundtrack, the opulent sets and costumes. And it has the historical inaccuracies and anachronisms we've come to associate with the genre. There's no evidence, for example, that the Arabs used Greek fire against siege towers in defending Jerusalem. Handheld telescopes were not commonly used to spy on the enemy until 500 years later. And in a scene set at Christmas, the muezzin's call to prayer segues into Christians singing "Adeste Fideles" ("O Come All Ye Faithful"), the tune of which has been traced to the 18th century but no earlier. Chahine also departs at one point from the conventional documentary style of storytelling and shows simultaneous meetings of the opposing camps not with a split screen but by putting them side-by-side on an obvious soundstage set, using the lights to switch back and forth between the two groups. It's a neat trick, but a theatrical, not a cinematic one. Chahine obviously wants his movie to do more than to tell a rousing story, and he's helped by an attractive performance by Ahmad Mazhar in the title role. It's a film designed partly to promote Arab unity in the mid-1960s, when Egypt and the Middle Eastern countries were flexing their muscles and taking on the colonialist powers. Chahine ignores the fact that the historical Saladin was a Kurd, not an Arab, but even that serves his more humanistic aim, to persuade people to set aside religious and ethnic differences in favor of peace and human unity. Saladin's chief opponent, Richard I of England (played by Hamdy Gheith in an unfortunate red wig) loses his bigotry and hot-headedness in the face of Saladin's peace-making. Yes, it's a message movie, but a watchable one.   

Next of Kin (Tony Williams, 1982)

Jacki Kerin in Next of Kin

Cast: Jacki Kerin, John Jarratt, Alex Scott, Gerda Nicolson, Charles McCallum, Bernadette Gibson, Robert Ratti, Vince Delitito, Tommy Dysart, Debra Lawrence. Screenplay: Tony Williams, Michael Heath. Cinematography: Gary Hansen. Art direction: Richard Francis, Nick Hepworth. Film editing: Max Lemon. Music: Klaus Schulze. 

Next of Kin is an Australian creepy old house horror movie, with all the improbabilities, plot holes, and clichés of the genre, but if you stick with it you're rewarded with a literally smashing finale. When her mother dies, Linda (Jacki Kerin) inherits the big gloomy mansion her mother had converted into a nursing home in the rural small town where Linda grew up. She doesn't want the property, though it seems to be capably managed by a woman named Connie (Gerda Nicolson) with a physician, Dr. Barton (Alex Scott), seeing to the medical needs of the residents. After taking a look at the books maintained by her mother, which are something of a mess, Linda is inclined to sell the place and return to the city where she's been living. Even the presence of an old boyfriend, Barney (Alex Scott), doesn't really persuade her to stick around. And then a strange death of one of the residents occurs, and Linda's inspection of her mother's papers stirs her suspicions, particularly where the unexplained disappearance of her Aunt Rita is concerned. Of course, things get creepier, though the way writer-director Tony Williams sets them up is a little slow and clunky. The movie has its admirers, including Quentin Tarantino, who compared it favorably to Stanley Kubrick's The Shining (1980). Only the payoff at the end, I think, really measures up to that standard. 

The Sixth Day (Youssef Chahine, 1986)

Dalida in The Sixth Day

Cast: Dalida, Mohsen Mohieddin, Shouweikar, Hamdy Ahmed, Sanaa Younes, Salah El-Saadany, Mohamed Mounir, Youssef Chahine, Abla Kamel, Hasan El-Adl, Maher Esam. Screenplay: Youssef Chahine, Hasan Al Geretly, based on a novel by Andrée Chedid. Cinematography: Mohsen Nasr. Production design: Tarek Salaheddine. Film editing: Luc Barnier. Music: Omar Khairat. 

The French-Italian pop star Dalida, who was born in Egypt, plays Saddika, a middle-aged woman living in a village during the cholera epidemic of 1947. She takes in washing to support her second husband, who is disabled, and her small grandson. Saddika catches the eye of Okka (Mohsen Mohieddine), who is 20 years younger. He's a street performer who works with a trained monkey, and he idolizes Gene Kelly -- to whom the film is dedicated. Okka doesn't have Kelly's talent as either a singer or a dancer, as a fanciful musical interlude demonstrates, but he is energetic in his wooing of Saddika. When her grandson is stricken with cholera, he helps her hide the child from the public health authorities. A bounty is awarded to anyone who reports a cholera victim, and the village is alive with people willing to snitch on their neighbors. Saddika may have good reason to conceal the boy's illness: The sick are taken to a site in the desert that is rumored to be nothing more than a death camp. The film's title comes from the belief that if you survive six days with the disease you're in the clear. Saddika and the boy end up on a river boat accompanied (reluctantly on her part) by Okka. The Sixth Day is mostly coherently narrated, and it has some fine moments of comedy and suspense, but it also contains some incidents that don't quite fit the main story. I'm not sure, for example, what's going on in a scene in which a drunken British soldier is hustled into a bright red car whose passengers are women. Dakka witnesses the incident, but it's not clear what it has to do with his story or Saddika's. I suspect that it's a scene in Andrée Chedid's novel that Youssef Chahine didn't quite integrate into his screenplay. 

La Prisonnière (Henri-Georges Clouzot, 1968)

Laurent Terzieff in La Prisonnière

Cast: Laurent Terzieff, Elisabeth Wiener, Bernard Fresson, Dany Carrel, Dario Moreno, Claude Piéplu, Noëlle Adam, Michel Etcheverry. Screenplay: Henri-Georges Clouzot, Monique Lange, Marcel Moussy. Cinematography: Andréas Winding. Production design: Jacques Saulnier. Film editing: Noëlle Balenci.   

La Prisonnière (aka Woman in Chains) was Henri-Georges Clouzot's last film, but in many ways it feels more dated the ones he made a decade earlier, the classic The Wages of Fear (1953) and Diabolique (1955). It's about a couple, Josée (Elisabeth Wiener) and Gilbert (Bernard Fresson) in an "open" relationship that actually seems to be open only on his side. He's an artist, working with visual effects and geometric sculpture, preparing for an exhibition of op art and kinetic art in a gallery owned by Stanislas Hassler (Laurent Terzieff). His preparation includes sleeping with a prominent woman art critic, which Josée tolerates grudgingly. Meanwhile, she becomes involved with Stanislas, which stirs Gilbert's jealousy. She visits Stanislas in his apartment over his gallery, where he puts on a slide show of some of the works in his collection, one of which is a photograph of a nude woman in chains. Josée's curiosity is aroused, in part because she's a film editor working on a documentary about abused women. The photographer is Stanislas himself, and she lets herself be persuaded to watch him photograph one of his models. Josée reacts with a mixture of revulsion and desire. Unfortunately Wiener is not up to the demands of the role: As she tries to portray a woman breaking free from conventional morality, she looks dithery and awkward. Stanislaus taunts Josée that she's a bourgeoise (which the subtitle inadequately translates as "housewife"), and his bullying begins to break down her resistance: She becomes an active participant in his shoots and falls completely in love with him, with disastrous results. One problem with the film is that the depiction of Stanislas's sadomasochism feels timid: We've seen much more disturbing images than these, of topless women in mildly tortured poses, "glamour porn" at worst. (Luis Buñuel gave us more convincing perversity a year earlier in Belle de Jour.) Clouzot seems to be trying to make both a fable about repression and liberation and a cutting satire of the art world of the 1960s, but he fails to make the two aims coalesce.